Thyroglobulin
GeneName
TG
Summary
TG, also known as thyroglobulin or Tgn, is a 305 kDa glycoprotein that is primarily secreted into the extracellular space and plays a crucial role in the synthesis and storage of thyroid hormones. It is produced by the follicular cells of the thyroid gland and serves as a precursor for the biosynthesis of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). TG is involved in various biological processes including iodide transport, regulation of myelination, and signal transduction, contributing to thyroid gland development and overall endocrine function.
Importance
TG is relevant to: - Thyroid disorders, such as hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, due to its central role in thyroid hormone production - Autoimmune conditions like Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, where antibodies against TG can serve as biomarkers - Research into metabolic regulation and developmental biology through its involvement in hormone biosynthesis and transport - Potential therapeutic targets for thyroid cancer, as alterations in TG levels can indicate disease progression
Top Products
For researchers investigating TG, we highly recommend the top-selling recombinant antibody, Anti-Thyroglobulin antibody [EPR9730] (ab156008). This antibody has been validated in a variety of applications, including immunohistochemistry (IHC), western blotting (WB), immunocytochemistry (ICC), and flow cytometry (FC), making it a versatile choice for your research needs. With 30 citations, it is well-regarded in the scientific community, reflecting its reliability and effectiveness in TG detection. This recombinant antibody ensures batch-to-batch consistency, providing confidence in your experimental results. "The Human Thyroglobulin ELISA Kit (ab155441) is a reliable option for researchers looking to measure TG levels in their samples, supported by 2 citations."
Abcam Product Citation Summary
The data indicates that Abcam antibodies targeting TG are primarily used in studies related to thyroid function and cancer. The studies involve human samples, particularly in the context of cardiac health and thyroid adenomas, as well as in rat models for thyroid function assessment.
Abcam Product Citation Table
Domain
The cholinesterase-like (ChEL) region is required for dimerization and export from the endoplasmic reticulum.
Function
Acts as a substrate for the production of iodinated thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) (PubMed:17532758, PubMed:32025030). The synthesis of T3 and T4 involves iodination of selected tyrosine residues of TG/thyroglobulin followed by their oxidative coupling in the thyroid follicle lumen (PubMed:32025030). Following TG re-internalization and lysosomal-mediated proteolysis, T3 and T4 are released from the polypeptide backbone leading to their secretion into the bloodstream (PubMed:32025030). One dimer produces 7 thyroid hormone molecules (PubMed:32025030).
Involvement in disease
Thyroid dyshormonogenesis 3
TDH3
A disorder due to thyroid dyshormonogenesis, causing large goiters of elastic and soft consistency in the majority of patients. Although the degree of thyroid dysfunction varies considerably among patients with defective thyroglobulin synthesis, patients usually have a relatively high serum free triiodothyronine (T3) concentration with disproportionately low free tetraiodothyronine (T4) level. The maintenance of relatively high free T3 levels prevents profound tissue hypothyroidism except in brain and pituitary, which are dependent on T4 supply, resulting in neurologic and intellectual defects in some cases.
None
The disease is caused by variants affecting the gene represented in this entry.
Autoimmune thyroid disease 3
AITD3
A complex autoimmune disorder comprising two related diseases affecting the thyroid: Graves disease and Hashimoto thyroiditis. In both disorders, thyroid-reactive T-cells are formed and infiltrate the thyroid gland. In Graves disease, the majority of the T-cells undergo a Th2 differentiation and activate B-cells to produce antibodies against the TSH receptor, which stimulate the thyroid and cause clinical hyperthyroidism. In contrast, Hashimoto thyroiditis is characterized by Th1 switching of the thyroid-infiltrating T-cells, which induces apoptosis of thyroid follicular cells and clinical hypothyroidism.
None
Disease susceptibility is associated with variants affecting the gene represented in this entry.
Post-translational modifications
Iodinated on tyrosine residues by TPO (PubMed:2760035, PubMed:32025030). There are 4 pairs of iodinated tyrosines used for coupling: acceptor Tyr-24 is coupled to donor Tyr-149 or Tyr-234, acceptor Tyr-2573 is coupled to donor Tyr-2540, acceptor Tyr-2766 in monomer 1 is coupled to donor Tyr-2766 in monomer 2 and acceptor Tyr-1310 in monomer 1 is coupled to donor Tyr-108 in monomer 2 (PubMed:32025030).
Sulfated tyrosines are desulfated during iodination.
Undergoes sequential proteolysis by cathepsins to release thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) hormones. In the thyroid follicle lumen, cross-linked TG (storage form) is solubilized by limited proteolysis mediated by cathepsins CTSB and/or CTSL. Partially cleaved TG is further processed by CTSK/cathepsin K and/or CTSL resulting in the release of T4. Following endocytosis, further processing occurs leading to the release of T3 and more T4 hormones.
Sequence Similarities
Belongs to the type-B carboxylesterase/lipase family.
Tissue Specificity
Specifically expressed in the thyroid gland.
Cellular localization
- Secreted
- Secreted into the thyroid follicle lumen (PubMed:19509106). Localizes to colloid globules, a structure formed in the thyroid follicle lumen consisting of cross-linked TG arranged in concentric layers (PubMed:11082042, PubMed:8626858).
Alternative names
Thyroglobulin, Tg, TG