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Adjuvants are compounds/chemicals sometimes added to immunizing peptides to promote and help stimulate the immune response. They normally increase the amount and quality of the antibody produced.
Adjuvants for use in vaccines only need to produce protective antibodies and good systemic memory for future protection. Adjuvants for antiserum production need to create high titer and high avidity antibodies.
Various adjuvants are available and the aim is to use one that has minimal toxicity while helping to promote maximum immune response. The most frequently used adjuvants for both polyclonal and monoclonal antibody production are Freund's, Ribi, and Titermax, among others.
Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA)
FCA is a water-in-oil emulsion that localizes antigen for slow release within the immunized host for up to six months. It contains mineral oil, the surfactant mannide monoleate and heat killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium butyricum or their extracts (for aggregation of macrophages at the inoculation site).
FCA stimulates both cell mediated and humoral immunity and preferentially induces antibodies against epitopes on denatured proteins.
The disadvantage of this adjuvant is that it can produce some immunologically toxic effects, due to the non-metabolizable mineral oil. Additionally, the mycobacterial elements can create severe granulomatous reactions. For this reason, it is mainly used on laboratory animals.
Freund's incomplete adjuvant (FIA)
FIA has the same formulation as FCA but does not contain mycobacterium or its components. For this reason it is less effective than FCA in inducing high antibody titers but it is much less toxic.
Ribi adjuvants are oil-in-water emulsions. The antigen is mixed with metabolizable oil (squalene), which is emulsified in a saline solution containing Tween 80. Ribi also contains refined mycobacterial product that acts as immunostimulants and a gram negative bacterial product monophosphoryl lipid A.
Ribi interacts with membranes of immune cells resulting in cytokine induction that enhances antigen uptake, processing and presentation.
Titermax adjuvants are less toxic and contain no biological materials. They are based on mixtures of surfactant acting, linear, blocks or chains of non-ionic copolymers polyoxypropylene (POP) and polyoxyethylene (POE).
Its properties induce chemotaxis, complement activation and antibody production. Titermax adjuvant forms a microparticulate water-in-oil emulsion with a copolymer and metabolizable squalene oil. The adjuvant active copolymer forms hydrophilic surfaces, which activate complement and immune cells, and increase expression of class II major histocompatibility molecules on macrophages.
Specol
Specol adjuvant is water in purified mineral oil. It induces an immune response comparable to Freund's adjuvant while producing fewer toxic effects.
Aluminum salts
Aluminum salt adjuvants are used with antigens:
Al(OH) can be used to adsorb proteins in a ratio of 50–200 g protein/mg aluminum hydroxide. They are generally weaker adjuvants than emulsion adjuvants. However, they induce a mild inflammatory response.
For safety reasons and for efficacy of generating memory cells, they are the primary adjuvants utilized in human vaccinations.